Is The Issue Of Stem Cell Research Essay - 2140 Words

Is It Our Turn To Be Healed? Stem cell research has become an important part of medical research in the past few years. Embryonic stem cell research is controversial because of the blurred lines in the moral viewpoints of many people. These embryonic stem cells are pure and are easily manipulated to fit any type of cell needed. This is useful in the testing of new drugs and treatments of permanent or incurable diseases such as ALS and MS. Adult stem cells are also useful in research, but they are already specialized which makes them only useful for the type of cell they come from. Stem cells are the basic building blocks of our body; they are the built-in first aid kit that repairs our body after damage has occurred (Freudenrich Watson, 2004). Our body naturally supplies stem cells, but as our body matures, the stem cells do as well. These mature stem cells become specialized to a specific type of tissue and cannot be used for any other place in the body. As we get older, our body produces less of these stem cells, which causes adults to heal less quickly than children. There are four types of stem cells: embryonic, fetal, adult, and induced. Adult stem cells have already been a major resource in medical research. With the use of these stem cells, we have found new treatments and tested new drugs that could eventually be used to cure some of our toughest diseases. Although these cells have already jump-started our research, it is harder to use these stem cells becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Stem Cell Research858 Words   |  4 PagesCatholics are absolu tely against embryonic stem cell research. News is already talking about how the Catholics approve for stem cell research but inside of an interview with Catholic News Service Nancy O’Brien wrote: â€Å"Declaring that the stem-cell research does not present a conflict between science and religion, the U.S bishops overwhelmingly approved a statement June 13th calling the use of human embryos in such research â€Å"gravely immoral† and unnecessary† (O’Brien â€Å"Catholic News Service†). As youRead MoreThe Issue Of Stem Cell Research1675 Words   |  7 Pageswas science fiction has become today s science reality. In this age, one can replicate many types of specific cells, such as blood, brain, tissue or muscle cells from a single stem cell. These stem cells, in theory can be used to heal or replace damage cells in our bodies thus curing us of certain diseases. These stem cells are the basic cells to develop any type of organism and its research is not allowed without incredible controversy. As one might imagine, such potential power has been seen as unethicalRead MoreThe Issue Of Stem Cell Research1218 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause of the cells inside us. It’s called stem cell research and it could be the first step in medical revolution where we’ll be able to heal our bodies of any illness. Unfortunately, due to the controversies surrounding stem cell research, the government is unwilling to help and remain neutral with sides. Scientists first discovered stem cells in the early 1980s while experimenting with embryonic stem cells from mice. This later triggered the studies for human embryonic stem cells in the late 1990sRead MoreThe Issue Of Stem Cell Research1240 Words   |  5 Pageswith the proper research into stem cells to treat injury or disease. However, the procedures followed for the research of stem cells have stirred up a hefty amount of controversy in the past and the present. Stem Cell research has been argued to be an ethical choice due to its possibilities for simplified treatments in the future, yet it is controversial due to the destruction of embryos, and the undecided moral status of the embryo, which is why scientists should do their research with non-embryonicRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalizing Stem Cell Research2200 Words   |  9 PagesLegalizing Stem Cell Research Being one of the most exciting and promising fields of medical research, embryonic stem cell research has progressed over the years going more in depth to discover the key to unlock the cure to many diseases. These unique individuals have the ability to copy themselves an unlimited amount of times and can grow into any cell type in the body. Scientists are seeing infinite value in these cells. They are able to further their research on the understanding of human developmentRead MoreThe Issues Surrounding Stem Cell Research1262 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"At its core, this issue forces us to confront fundamental questions about the beginnings of life and the ends of science. It [stem cell research] lies at a difficult moral intersection, juxtaposing the need to protect life in all its phases with the prospect of saving and improving life in all its stages.† George W. Bush in his address at the Bush Ranch in Texas precisely captures the essence of the issues surrounding stem c ells. â€Å"Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capabilityRead MoreThe Issue Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1391 Words   |  6 Pagesaccomplish. In order to do this, many believe that embryonic stem cell research could be the key to unlocking a variety of medical problems. However, in the early 2000’s, the United States saw a significant decrease in federal funding available for this research. This could set back the medical advances by years if researchers could not continue their work. A decrease in restrictions while increasing federal funding for embryonic stem cell research is vital for taking steps forward in ethically findingRead MoreLegal Issues Regarding Stem Cell Research1666 Words   |  7 PagesStem Cell Research Legislation and Legal Issues: A stem cell can be described as the primary building block of the human body and have become important because of its ability to develop into a different cell type. Due to this ability to develop into different cell types, scientists have continued to build up ways to use stem cells to renew or repair damaged tissues or organs. As a result of such efforts, its expected that stem cell research can contribute to the discovery of new therapies forRead MoreEthical Issues Surrounding Stem Cell Research4683 Words   |  19 PagesIntroduction Stem cell research, one of the most exciting and controversial ethical issues in medicine today, continuously makes headlines with new developments. This topic concerns medical professionals, scientists, ethics forums, and even politicians, but many people do not know what to conclude from the controversy surrounding it. Dr. Elizabeth Crouch1, a genetics professor of the Biomedical Science Department of Texas A M University, argues that it is vital that students entering medicineRead MoreEthical Issues Brought Forth by Stem Cell Research1016 Words   |  4 Pagespotential cure for cancer? Stem cells are the future, but it may come with a heavy price. The potential benefits of stem cells are unbelievable. Stem cells could save many lives. Imagine not having to worry about organ transplants or having diabetes. But stem cells bring many issues with them too. Is killing embryos ever ok? Should cloning be allowed in stem cell research? This is a very complex topic that changes directio ns every day. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to renew

Women of the Tenth Century Notable Medieval Women

In the tenth century, a few women achieved power but almost entirely through their fathers, husbands, sons, and grandsons. Some even served as regents for their sons and grandsons. As Europes Christianization became nearly complete, it was more common for women to achieve power by founding monasteries, churches, and convents. Womens value to royal families was mainly as childbearers and as pawns to move around in dynastic marriages. Occasionally, women (like Aethelflaed) led military forces, or (like Marozia and Theodora) wielded direct political power. A few women (like Andal, Lady Li, and Hrosvitha) achieved prominence as artists and writers. Saint Ludmilla:  840 - 916 Ludmilla raised and educated her grandson, a duke, and the future Saint Wenceslaus. Ludmilla was key in the Christianization of her country. She was murdered by her daughter-in-law Drahomira, a nominal Christian. Ludmilla was married to Borivoj, who was the first Christian Duke of Bohemia. Ludmilla and Borivoj were baptized about 871. Conflict over religion drove them from their country, but they were soon recalled and ruled together for seven years more.  Ludmilla and Borivoj then resigned and turned over rule to their son Spytihnev, who died two years later. Another son Vratislav then succeeded. Married to Drahomira, a nominal Christian, he left his eight-year-old son Wenceslaus to rule. Wenceslaus had been raised and educated by Ludmilla. Another son (perhaps a twin) Boreslav the Cruel was raised and educated by his father and mother. Ludmilla continued to influence her grandson, Wenceslaus. Reportedly, pagan nobles stirred up Drahomira against Ludmilla, resulting in the murder of Ludmilla, with Drahomiras participation. Stories say she was strangled by her veil by noblemen at Drahomiras instigation. Ludmilla is venerated as a patron saint of Bohemia. Her feast day is September 16. Father: Slavibor, Prince of Psov(?)Mother: unknownHusband: Borivoj (Boriwoi), Duke of BohemiaChildren:Spytihnev (Spitignev)Vratislav (Wratislaw, Radislav) I, Duke of Bohemia; married DrahomiraGrandchildren:Boreslav (Boleslaw, Boleslaus) I the CruelSaint Wenceslaus (Wenceslas, Vyacheslav) I, Duke of BohemiaStrezislava of Bohemia (?) Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians: ? - 918 Aethelflaed was a daughter of Alfred the Great. Aethelflaed became a political and military leader when her husband was killed in battle with the Danes in 912. She went on to unify Mercia. Aelfthryth (877 - 929) She’s known mainly as a genealogical link of Anglo Saxon kings to the Anglo-Norman dynasty. Her father was Alfred the Great, her mother Ealhswith, and her siblings included Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians, Aethelgifu, Edward the Elder, Aethelweard. Aelfthryth was raised and educated with her brother, Edward, a future king. She was married to Baldwin II  of Flanders in 884, as a way of solidifying an alliance between the English and the Flemish to oppose the Vikings. When her father, Alfred, died in 899, Aelfthryth inherited several properties in England from him. She donated several of these to the abbey of St. Peter in Ghent. Aelfthryths  husband Baldwin II died in 915. In 917, Aelfthryth had his bodied moved to the abbey of St. Peter. Her son, Arnulf, became the count of Flanders after his fathers death. His descendant Baldwin V was the father of  Matilda of Flanders  who married William the Conqueror. Because of Aelfthryths heritage as a daughter of the Saxon king, Alfred the Great, the marriage of Matilda to the future Norman king, William, brought the heritage of the Saxon kings back into the royal line. Husband: Baldwin II, Count of Flanders, son of  Judith of France, who had briefly been a stepmother and then sister-in-law to Aelfthrgyths father, Alfred the Great (married 884)Children: Arnulf I of Flanders, Adalulf, Count of Boulogne, Ealswid, Ermentrud Also known as:  Eltrudes (Latin), Elstrid Theodora: ? - 928 She was a senatrix and serenissima vestaratrix of Rome. She was the grandmother of Pope John XI; her influence and that of her daughters was called the Rule of the Harlots or the pornocracy. Not to be confused with the Byzantine empress Theodora.  This Theodora’s alleged lover, Pope John X, whose election as Pope she supported, was allegedly murdered by Theodora’s daughter, Marozia, whose father was Theodora’s first, Theophylact. Theodora is also credited as the grandmother of Pope John XI and great-grandmother of Pope John XII. Theodora and her husband Theophylact were key influences during the papacies of Sergius III and Anastasius III. Later stories associated Sergius III with  Marozia, daughter of Theophylact and Theodora, and claim that the future Pope John XI was their illegitimate son, born when Marozia was only 15 years old. When John X was elected Pope it was also with the support of Theodora and Theophylact. Some stories claim that John X and Theodora were lovers. Husband: TheophylactDaughter: MaroziaDaughter: Theodora (confused by historian Edward Gibon with her mother)Rumored to be the mistress of Pope John X and Pope Sergius III An example of historians judgment of Theodora and Marozia: Towards the beginning of the tenth century a powerful noble, Theophylact, aided by his beautiful and unscrupulous wife, Theodora, secured control of Rome. Their daughter  Marozia  became the central figure of a corrupt society which completely dominated both the city and the papacy. Marozia herself married as her third husband Hugh of Provence, then king of Italy. One of her sons became pope as John XI ( 931-936), while another, Alberic, assumed the title of prince and senator of the Romans and ruled Rome, appointing four popes in the years 932 to 954. (from: John L. Lamonte,  The World of the Middle Ages: A Reorientation of Medieval History, 1949. p. 175.) Olga of Russia: about 890 - 969 Olga of Kiev was the first known woman to rule Russia, the first Russian ruler to adopt Christianity, the first Russian saint in the Orthodox Church. She was the widow of Igor I, regent for their son. She is known for her role in bringing Christianity to official status in Russia. Marozia: about 892-about 937 Marozia was the daughter of the powerful Theodora (above), as well as allegedly mistress of Pope Sergius III. She was the mother of Pope John XI (by her first husband Alberic or by Sergius) and of another son Alberic who stripped the papacy of much secular power and whose son became Pope John XII.  See her mother’s listing for a quote about Marozia. Saint Matilda of Saxony: about 895 - 986 Matilda of Saxony was the Empress of Germany (the Holy Roman Empire), married to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry I. She was the founder of monasteries and builder of churches. She was the mother of Emperor Otto I, Duke Henry of Bavaria, St. Bruno, Gerberga who married Louis IV of France and Hedwig, whose son Hugh Capet founded a French royal dynasty. Raised by her grandmother, an abbess, Saint Matilda of Saxony was, as were so many royal women, married off for political purposes. In her case, it was to Henry the Fowler of Saxony, who became King of Germany. During her life in Germany Saint Matilda of Saxony founded several abbeys and was noted for her charity. Her feast day was March 14. Saint Edith of Polesworth: about 901 - 937 Daughter of Hugh Capet of England and widow Sigtryggr Gale, King of Dublin and York, Edith became a nun at Polesworth Abbey and Tamworth Abbey and abbess at Tamworth. Also known as:  Eadgyth, Edith of Polesworth, Edith of Tamworth One of perhaps two Ediths who were daughters of King Edward the Elder of England, the history of Saint Edith is ambiguous. Attempts to trace her life identify the mother of this Edith (Eadgyth) as Ecgwyn. Saint Ediths brother, Aethelstan, was King of England 924-940. Edith or Eadgyth was married in 925 to Sigtryggr Gale, King of Dublin and York. Their son Olaf Cuarà ¡n Sitricsson also became King of Dublin and York. After her husbands death, she became a nun and, eventually, abbess at Tamworth Abbey in Gloucestershire. Alternatively, Saint Edith may have been a sister of King Edgar the Peaceful and therefore an aunt of Edith of Wilton. After her death in 937, Saint Edith was canonized; her feast day is July 15. Edith of England: about 910 - 946 Edith of England was the daughter of King Edward the Elder of England, and the first wife of Emperor Otto I of Germany, One of two Ediths who were daughters of King Edward the Elder of England, the mother of this Edith (Eadgyth) is variously identified as Aelflaeda (Elfleda) or Edgiva (Eadgifu). Her brother and half-brothers were kings of England: Aethelstan, Aelfweard, Edmund I and Eadred. Typically for the female offspring of royal rulers, she was married to another expected ruler, but far from home. She married Otto I the Great  of Germany, later Holy Roman Emperor, about 929. (Otto married again; his second wife was  Adelaide.) Edith (Eadgyth) is interred at St. Maurice Cathedral, Magdeburg, Germany. Also known as: Eadgyth Hrosvitha von Gandersheim: about 930 - 1002 Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim wrote the first plays known to be written by a woman, and she is the first known European woman poet after Sappho. She was also a canoness and a chronicler. Her name translates as strong voice. Also known as: Hroswitha, Hrostsvit, Hrotsvithae, Hrosvitha of Gandersheim Saint Adelaide: 931 - 999 Empress Adelaide was Western empress from 962 (consort of Otto I) and later was regent for Otto III from 991-994 with her daughter-in-law Theophano. Daughter of Rudolf II of Burgundy, Adelaide was married to Lothair, king of Italy. After Lothair died in 950 —perhaps poisoned by Berengar II who seized the throne for his son—she was taken a prisoner in 951 by Berengar II who wanted her to marry his son. Otto I the Great of Saxony rescued Adelaide and defeated Berengar, declared himself king of Italy, and then married Adelaide. His first wife was  Edith, daughter of Edward the Elder. When he was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor on February 2, 962, Adelaide was crowned as Empress. She turned to religious activity, promoting monasticism. Together they had five children. When Otto I died and her son, Otto II, succeeded to the throne, Adelaide continued to influence him until 978. He married  Theophano, a Byzantine princess, in 971, and her influence gradually superseded that of Adelaide. When Otto II died in 984, his son, Otto III, succeeded him, though he was only three years old. Theophano, the childs mother, was in control until 991 with Adelaides support, and then Adelaide ruled for him 991-996. Michitsuna no haha: about 935 – about 995 Japanese poet who wrote The Kagero Diary, documenting life in the Japanese court. The diary is known for its critique of marriage.  Her name means â€Å"Mother of Michitsuna.† She was the wife of a Japanese official whose descendants by his first wife were rulers of Japan. Michitsunas diary stands as a classic in literary history. In documenting her own troubled marriage, she helped document that aspect of 10th century Japanese culture. The Kagero Diary (The Gossamer Years) Theophano: 943? – after 969 Theophano was the wife of Byzantine emperors Romanus II and Nicephorus II, and regent for her sons Basil II and Constantine VIII. Her daughters Theophano and Anna married important 10th-century rulers -- the Western emperor and Vladimir I the Great of Russia. Theophanos first marriage was to the Byzantine Emperor Romanus II, whom she was able to dominate. Theophano, along with a eunuch, Joseph Bringus, essentially ruled in her husbands place. She was alleged to have poisoned Romanus II in 963, after which she served as regent for her sons Basil II and Constantine VIII. She married Nicephorus II on September 20, 963, barely a month after he became emperor, displacing her sons.  He ruled until 969 when he was assassinated by a conspiracy that included John I Tzimisces, whose mistress she had become.  Polyeuctus, the patriarch of Constantinople, forced him to banish Theophano to a convent and punish the other murderers. Her daughter Theophano (below) married Otto II, the Western emperor, and her daughter Anna married Vladimir I of Kiev. (Not all sources agree that these were their daughters.) An example of a highly-charged opinion of Theophano—a few quotes from the lengthy  The World of the Middle Ages: A Reorientation of Medieval History  by John L. Lamonte, 1949 (pp. 138-140): he death of Constantine VII was caused in all probability by poison administered to him by his son, Romanus II, at the instigation of his wife Theophano. This Theophano was a notorious courtesan, the daughter of a tavern keeper, who had won the affection of the young Romanus, a dissipated and generally worthless youth, so that he married her and associated her on the throne. With her father-in-law removed and her debauched husband on the throne, Theophano took into her own hands the reins of power, ruling with the advice of the eunuch Joseph Bringas, an old functionary of Constantines.... Romanus departed this world in 963 leaving Theophano a widow at the age of twenty with two small sons, Basil and Constantine. What could be more natural than that the widowed empress should seek a supporter and helpmate in the gallant soldier? Bringas attempted to assume the custody for the two young princes at the death of their father, but Theophano and the patriarch engaged in an unholy alliance to confer the government on the hero Nicephorus†¦. Theophano saw herself now the wife of a new and handsome emperor. But she had been duped; when the patriarch refused to recognize Tzmisces as emperor until he had driven from the Sacred Palace the adulteress . . . who had been the chief mover in the crime he cheerfully repudiated Theophano, who was banished to a nunnery (she was then 27 years old). Emma, Queen of Franks: about 945 – after 986 Emma was married to Lothaire, King of the Franks. Mother of King Louis V of the Franks, Emma is alleged to have poisoned her son in 987. After his death, Hugh Capet succeeded to the throne, ending the Carolingian dynasty and beginning the Capetian. Aelfthryth: 945 - 1000 Aelfthryth was an English Saxon queen, married to King Edgar the Peaceable. After Edgar’s death, she may have helped end the life of her stepson Edward the Martyr so that her son could become King as Aethelred (Ethelred) II the Unready.  Aelfthryth  or Elfrida was the first queen of England known to have been crowned with that title. Also known as:  Elfrida, Elfthryth Her father was Earl of Devon, Ordgar. She married Edgar who died in 975 and was his second wife. Aelfthryth is sometimes credited with organizing, or being part of, a 978 assassination of her stepson Edward the Martyr so that her 10-year-old son Ethelred II the Unready could succeed. Her daughter, Aethelfleda or Ethelfleda, was abbess at Romsey. Theophano: 956? - 991 This Theophano, possibly the daughter of the Byzantine empress Theophano (above) and emperor Romanus II, married the western emperor Otto II (Rufus) in 972. The marriage had been negotiated as part of a treaty between John Tzmisces, ruling for the princes who were Theophanos brothers, and Otto I. Otto I died the next year. When Otto II died in 984, his son, Otto III, succeeded him, though he was only three years old. Theophano, as the childs mother, was in control until 991. In 984 the Duke of Bavaria (Henry the Quarrelsome) kidnapped Otto III but was forced to turn him over to Theophano and her mother-in-law  Adelaide. Adelaide ruled for Otto III after Theophano died in 991. Otto III also married a Theophano, also of Byzantium. This Theophanos sister, Anna (below), married Vladimir I of Russia. Saint Edith of Wilton: 961 - 984 The illegitimate daughter of Edgar the Peaceable, Edith became a nun at the convent at Wilton, where her mother (Wulfthryth or Wilfrida) was also a nun. King Edgar was forced to do penance for kidnapping Wulfthryth from the convent.  Wulfthryth returned to the convent when she was able to escape, taking Edith with her. Edith was reportedly offered the crown of England by nobles who had supported one half-brother, Edward the Martyr, against her other half-brother, Aelthelred the Unready. Her feast day is September 16, the day of her death. Also known as:  Eadgyth, Ediva Anna: 963 - 1011 Anna was a Byzantine princess, probably the daughter of the Byzantine Empress  Theophano (above) and Byzantine Emperor Romanus II, and thus the sister of Basil II (though occasionally identified as Basils daughter) and, sister of the western empress, another Theophano (also above), Basil arranged for Anna to be married to Vladimir I of Kiev, called the Great, in 988. This marriage is sometimes credited for Vladimirs conversion to Christianity (as has the influence of his grandmother, Olga). His previous wives had been pagans as he had been before 988.  After the baptism, Basil tried to back out of the marriage agreement, but Vladimir invaded the Crimea and Basil relented. Annas arrival brought significant Byzantine cultural influence to Russia. Their daughter married Karol the Restorer of Poland. Vladimir was killed in an uprising in which some of his former wives and their children participated. Sigrid the Haughty: about 968 – before 1013 Legendary queen (perhaps mythical), Sigrid refused to marry King Olaf of Norway because it would have required her to give up her faith and become Christian. Also known as:  Sigrid the Strong-Minded, Sigrid the Proud, Sigrà ­Ãƒ ° Tà ³stadà ³ttir, Sigrà ­Ãƒ ° Stà ³rrà ¡Ãƒ °a, Sigrid Storrà ¥da Most likely a legendary character, Sigrid the Haughty (once assumed to be an actual person) is noted for her defiance. The chronicle of King Olaf of Norway says that when it was arranged for Sigrid to marry Olaf, she refused because it would have required her to convert to Christianity. She helped organize opponents of Olaf who, later, defeated the Norwegian King. According to the stories that mention Sigrid, she was married to Eric VI Bjornsson, King of Sweden, and was the mother of Olaf III of Sweden and of Holmfrid who married Svend I of Denmark. Later, perhaps after she and Eric divorced, she is supposed to have married Sweyn of Denmark (Sveyn Forkbeard) and is cited as the mother of Estrith or Margaret of Denmark, who married Richard II the Good of Normandy. Aelfgifu about 985 - 1002 Aelfgifu was the first wife of King Aethelread Unraed (Ethelred) the Unready, and probably the mother of his son Edmund II  Ironside who briefly ruled as King of England. Also known as:  Aelflaed, Elfreda, Elgiva Aelfgifus life shows one fact of womens existence in the tenth century: little is known of her besides her name. The first wife of Aethelred the Unready (from Unraed meaning bad or evil counsel), her parentage is disputed and she disappears from the record early in his long conflict with the Danes which resulted in the overthrow of Aethelred for Sweyn in 1013, and his subsequent brief return to control 1014-1016.  We dont know for sure whether Aelfgifu died or whether Aethelred put her aside for his second wife,  Emma of Normandy  whom he married in 1002. While the facts arent known for certain, Aelfgifu is usually credited as the mother of Aethelreds six sons and as many as five daughters, one of whom was the abbess at Wherwell. Aelfgifu was thus probably the mother of Aethelreds son Edmund II Ironside, who ruled briefly until Sweyns son, Cnut (Canute), defeated him in battle. Edmund was allowed by the treaty to rule in Wessex and Cnut ruled the rest of England, but Edmund died in the same year, 1016, and Cnut consolidated his power, marrying Aethelreds second wife and widow,  Emma of Normandy. Emma was the mother of Aethelreds sons Edward and Alfred and daughter Godgifu. These three fled to Normandy where Emmas brother ruled as Duke. Another Aelfgifu is mentioned as the first wife of Cnut, mother of Cnuts sons Sweyn and Harold Harefoot. Andal: Dates Unsure Andal was an Indian poet who wrote devotional poetry to Krishna. A few hagiographies survive of Andal, a poet in Tamil Nadu who wrote devotional poetry to Krishna in which her own personality comes alive at times. Two devotional poems by Andal are known and are still used in worship. Adopted by her father (Perilyalwar or Periyalwar) who finds her as a baby, Andal avoids earthly marriage, the normal and expected path for women of her culture, to marry Vishnu, both spiritually and physically. She is sometimes known by a phrase which means she who gave garlands that had been worn. Her name translates as savior or saint, and she is also known as Saint Goda. An annual holy day honors Andal. The Vaishnava tradition honors Shrivilliputtur as the birthplace of Andal. The Nacciyar Tirumoli, which is about the love of Andal for Vishnu and Andal as beloved, is a Vaishnava marriage classic. Her exact dates are unknown but are likely to have been the ninth or tenth centuries. Sources include: Phillip B. Wagoner. Tidings of the King. 1993.Joseph T. Shipley. Encyclopedia of Literature. 1946. Lady Li: Dates Unsure Lady Li was a Chinese artist from Shu (Sichuan) who is credited with beginning an artistic tradition by tracing on her paper window with a brush the shadows cast by the moon and bamboo, thus inventing monochromatic brush painting of bamboo. The Taoist writer Chuang-tzu also uses the name Lady Li for a parable about clinging to life in the face of death. Kang-i Chang.  Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism. 1999. (mentions Lady Li briefly)Marsha Weidner.  Flowering in the Shadows: Women in the History of Chinese and Japanese Painting.  1990. Zahra: Dates Unsure She was the favorite wife of Caliph Adb-er-Rahman III. She inspired the palace of al-Zahra near Cordoba, Spain. Ende: Dates Unsure Ende was a German artist, the first known female manuscript illustrator.

Political Parties in American Government Not for the People - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 618 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Political Parties Essay Did you like this example? According to President Abraham Lincoln the government was made by the people and for the people. That being said, in my opinion democracy is not about policy, it is about process. It is about how you achieve the results of the policies that they want to implement on the people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Political Parties in American Government Not for the People" essay for you Create order Therefore political parties are seen by many as irrelevant to the political and governmental system because of a myth. This myth is known as the myth of party irrelevance, which has created mixed emotions within American citizens for good reasons about how they feel and see political parties today. Love them or hate them as of now the United States has a two party system which are Republicans and Democrats. These parties help the political and governmental systems to function but are not essential because there are alternative processes for a better political system. These parties are mainly utilized to keep order in the political world and control functions of the federal government but at what cost? Many believe that these parties have too much power than they should. Tough the objectives of these parties are the same there are many differences on the way they both think. This results in parties focusing on what is best for the parties and not for the people. In the world of polit ics power makes the world go round and round. But just how much power is bad? I get that for a successful democracy there must be power to create authority for there to even be a government. According to Edwards (2011) Patricians and party activist of these two parties control the outcomes of mostly everything within the political system not the votes of the people. Party activists control access to the ballot through closed party primaries and conventions; partisan leaders design congressional districts. Once elected to Congress, our representatives are divided into warring camps. Partisans decide what bills to take up, what witnesses to hear, what amendments to allow (Edwards, 2011). In other words political parties are so powerful that they found a way to out rule their votes over the peoples votes. This is done through political laws known as the sore loser laws that come in to play in the November elections. A candidate who losses during a party primary or convention is denied a place on the November ballot because parties activist have the ability to deny their endorsement to any candidate they see as a target or simply not like. By parties having so much power to be able to do this is just unreal and chaotic. Even if the majority of the peoples vote preferred the candidates that are eliminated those people that voted simply lost their opportunity to vote. According to Zuckerman (2014) by allowing partisan leaders to design the congressional districts, that puts the candidates that represent the rich districts on top and the candidates that represent the poor districts at the bottom. Edwards (2012) states that federal government also decides when to declare war establish tax policies, create federal programs, how much money and resources to spend on them, approve peace treaties, who will sit at the Supreme Court. These are all congressional powers that the people cannot interfere with. One has to remember that wealth in politics can get you a long way just like president Trump. For the Republicans and Democrat parties, it seems that power is their main priority and that just leads to a battle for power putting the needs of the people aside. The reality of the political system today is that the people are not the drivers no more. According to Edwards (2012) people have been limited to only being able to elect members of the senate and house representatives.

The Ambitious Marc Antony in Julius Caesar - 996 Words

The Ambitious Marc Antony in Julius Caesar nbsp; The tragic and untimely death of Julius Caesar, a condemned Roman tyrant, triggered William Shakespeares creativity. In his play Julius Caesar Shakespeare writes of the treacherous conspirators, Marcus Brutus and Caius Cassius, and their plans to assassinate their Roman leader, Julius Caesar. The story continues to explain how Caesars loyal friend, Marc Antony, helps avenge the brutal murder. After Antony receives soldiers to fight his battle, his character begins to change. Thenbsp; fair and faithful Marc Antony transforms to a darker and more deceitful character. Marc Antony is not suitable to rule Rome because he holds a grand desire of great power, his conceit†¦show more content†¦In Act Three Marcus Brutus changes the peoples opinion of the death of Caesar instantly. He convinces them that the assassination should not be considered evil, but seen as to the only way to survive while remaining free. The citizens of Rome trust and respect Brutus and believe him. Then Marc Antony convinces the people to come to a different conclusion than that portrayed by Brutus and his honorable men. The crowd believes Antony that the conspirators committed this crime through jealousy, greed and the desire to limit Julius Caesars growing authority. At first Marc Antony only plants a minor idea in the publics mind, allowing them to think about and discuss the new information presented to them. This method initiates the contemplation of serious issues for the crowd of citizens who need no more than this to come to their own opinion concerning what took place (III, 2, 62-106). Marc Antony then stirs his audience with emotions every person in Rome can relate to, focusing on guilt and anger. These passions intertwine, for when the crowd begins to feel guilty, they also start to become enraged. Marc Antony creates a dangerous situation with his riled audience and the possession of information that sets them over the edge into being an unforgiving m ob (III, 2, 107-259). Having a serious effect on an audience is important when trying to be understood fully, however revenge is a dangerous topic especially when beingShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar 884 Words   |  4 PagesGustav Berner Mrs. Hillard Honors English 10 - F 15 January 2015 Julius Caesar Discussion 1.) Brutus’ trust in others and his love of Rome are his greatest faults. His tragic flaw is the trust he places in others. Brutus is easily swayed to trust Cassius when he plots to kill Caesar. Cassius uses his cunning to trick Brutus into believing Caesar is ambitious and that he is killing Caesar for the good of Rome. Cassius says to Brutus, â€Å"Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world like a Colossus, andRead MoreEssay on Marc Antony’s Funeral Oration1470 Words   |  6 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, Mark Antony pleads with his â€Å"Friends, Romans (and) countrymen† to lend him their ears in an effort to exonerate Caesar from false charges laid against him. The three main conspirators in Caesar’s murder, Brutus, Casca and Cassius portrayed Caesar as an ambitious tyrant to the Roman people. After Caesar was unjustly killed by his friends and comrades, the crowd was persuaded to believe that his death was necessary for the good of the republic. However, Antony’sRead More Julius Caesar Essay: Marc Antony’s Power of Persuasion1385 Words   |  6 PagesMarc Antonys Power of Persuasion in Julius Caesar      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, although Marc Antony is allowed to make a speech at Caesars funeral, he must not speak ill of either the conspirators or Caesar.   Antony was infuriated with Caesars assassination, and wants to seek revenge on his killers as well as gain power for himself in Romes government.   He must persuade the crowd that has gathered that Caesars murder was unjust, and turn them against Brutus and CassiusRead MoreMarcus Brutus Vs Mark Antony s Funeral Speech Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesKayla Marie Davis English II / 4th Block October 27, 2015 Marcus Brutus’ vs. Mark Antony’s Funeral Speech At the funeral of Julius Caesar two characters make speeches to the plebeian mob, Brutus and Marc Antony. Shakespeare shows us the personalities of the two orators and gives one an advantage over the other. Marc Antony has an advantage over Brutus because he speaks after Brutus and he has Caesar’s body. He also interrupts Brutus’ speech. He uses a range of rhetorical devices to manipulateRead MoreExamples Of Envy In Julius Caesar838 Words   |  4 Pagesplay Julius Caesar written by legendary playwright, William Shakespeare. Brutus and Cassius, Julius Caesars good friends are envious of the love Casaer is shown by the romans and they are willing to throw aside friendship and loyalty because of envy which propels them into the action of killing Caesar for power and praise. Envy is easy and almost always evident in the hunt for power in Julius Caesar, this is evident in Brutus’s motives for killing Caesar, Cassius motives for killing Caesar and AntonysRead MoreEss ay on The History Behind Shakespeares Julius Caesar740 Words   |  3 Pagesreplaced a monarchy. For this reason Caesar had been murdered; he was thought to have become too powerful. He was pushing for a dictatorship. Some members of the senate had stepped in and prevented his absolute power. This is just one of the reasons why Caesar would not be the best ruler of Rome; he had been too power-hungry. Antony had been just as bad as Caesar. He was his right-hand man and knew what Caesar had been up to at all times. When Caesar had died, he knew the first thing he wouldRead MoreMarcus Antonys Speech Analysis1063 Words   |  5 PagesJason H. Chang Counteracting the Opposition Julius Caesar was probably one of the most prominent figures in Roman history, known for his strong willed nature and commanding presence. In 44 BCE, Caesar was voted in to be Dictator perpetuo (often mistranslated as dictator for life).Worried that Caesar was becoming too powerful, several Roman senators including Brutus (a close friend of Caesar’s) assassinated Caesar while Caesar himself was by tradition, unarmed and defenseless. Following theRead MoreJulius Caesar: Beware the Ides of March1017 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluential senate is easily threatened by one man; Julius Caesar. To the senators Caesar is the catalyst for the downfall of a Republic they had worked so hard to create and protect. The playwright William Shakespeare dives into this world of betrayal and ambition with his play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. Using his voice as a writer he takes the audience into Rome and lets them experience each riveting moment of Caesar’s fall. The play shows that C aesar is not the cause of Rome’s eventual downfallRead MoreWhy was Cleopatra Famous?1282 Words   |  6 Pagesin Syria and situated Cleopatra began constructing an army. She knew that an army alone wouldn’t get her power back. Cleopatra would need some outside help too to get the job done. She needed a powerful ally and Julius Caesar was just that person. She reached out many times to seek Julius Caesar’s support. After many failed attempts at getting his support he finally came through and agreed to help Cleopatra restore her power. This was only after she allegedly snuck into his palace wrapped in a rugRead MoreRhetoric in Julius Caesar790 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare’s Julius Caesar, rhetoric is exactly what Brutus and Mark Antony used to duke it out and to get their point across about Caesar’s death to the people of Rome. Seeking to gain their support and change their minds based on their rhetorical way with words. Let’s get it on! â€Å"If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.† (3.2/ 19) Brutus tries to tell the people that he executed Caesar for their own

Part Five Chapter XI Free Essays

XI Howard had told Shirley that he did not feel well, that he thought he had better stay in bed and rest, and that the Copper Kettle could run without him for an afternoon. ‘I’ll call Mo,’ he said. ‘No, I’ll call her,’ said Shirley sharply. We will write a custom essay sample on Part Five Chapter XI or any similar topic only for you Order Now As she closed the bedroom door on him, Shirley thought, He’s using his heart. He had said, ‘Don’t be silly, Shirl’, and then, ‘It’s rubbish, bloody rubbish’, and she had not pressed him. Years of genteel avoidance of grisly topics (Shirley had been literally struck dumb when twenty-three-year-old Patricia had said: ‘I’m gay, Mum.’) seemed to have muzzled something inside her. The doorbell rang. Lexie said, ‘Dad told me to come round here. He and Mum have got something to do. Where’s Grandad?’ ‘In bed,’ said Shirley. ‘He overdid it a bit last night.’ ‘It was a good party, wasn’t it?’ said Lexie. ‘Yes, lovely,’ said Shirley, with a tempest building inside her. After a while, her granddaughter’s prattling wore Shirley down. ‘Let’s have lunch at the cafe,’ she suggested. ‘Howard,’ she called through the closed bedroom door, ‘I’m taking Lexie for lunch at the Copper Kettle.’ He sounded worried, and she was glad. She was not afraid of Maureen. She would look Maureen right in the face †¦ But it occurred to Shirley, as she walked, that Howard might have telephoned Maureen the moment she had left the bungalow. She was so stupid †¦ somehow, she had thought that, in calling Maureen herself about Howard’s illness, she had stopped them communicating †¦ she was forgetting †¦ The familiar, well-loved streets seemed different, strange. She had taken a regular inventory of the window she presented to this lovely little world: wife and mother, hospital volunteer, secretary to the Parish Council, First Citizeness; and Pagford had been her mirror, reflecting, in its polite respect, her value and her worth. But the Ghost had taken a rubber stamp and smeared across the pristine surface of her life a revelation that would nullify it all: ‘her husband was sleeping with his business partner, and she never knew †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ It would be all that anyone said, when she was mentioned; all that they ever remembered about her. She pushed open the door of the cafe; the bell tinkled, and Lexie said, ‘There’s Peanut Price.’ ‘Howard all right?’ croaked Maureen. ‘Just tired,’ said Shirley, moving smoothly to a table and sitting down, her heart beating so fast that she wondered whether she might have a coronary herself. ‘Tell him neither of the girls has turned up,’ said Maureen crossly, lingering by their table, ‘and neither of them bothered to call in either. It’s lucky we’re not busy.’ Lexie went to the counter to talk to Andrew, who had been put on waiter duty. Conscious of her unusual solitude, as she sat alone at the table, Shirley remembered Mary Fairbrother, erect and gaunt at Barry’s funeral, widowhood draped around her like a queen’s train; the pity, the admiration. In losing her husband, Mary had become the silent passive recipient of admiration, whereas she, shackled to a man who had betrayed her, was cloaked in grubbiness, a target of derision †¦ (Long ago, in Yarvil, men had subjected Shirley to smutty jokes because of her mother’s reputation, even though she, Shirley, had been as pure as it was possible to be.) ‘Grandad’s feeling ill,’ Lexie was telling Andrew. ‘What’s in those cakes?’ He bent down behind the counter, hiding his red face. I snogged your mum. Andrew had almost skived off work. He had been afraid that Howard might sack him on the spot for kissing his daughter-in-law, and was downright terrified that Miles Mollison might storm in, looking for him. At the same time, he was not so naive that he did not know that Samantha, who must, he thought ruthlessly, be well over forty, would figure as the villain of the piece. His defence was simple. ‘She was pissed and she grabbed me.’ There was a tiny glimmer of pride in his embarrassment. He had been anxious to see Gaia; he wanted to tell her that a grown woman had pounced on him. He had hoped that they might laugh about it, the way that they laughed about Maureen, but that she might be secretly impressed; and also that in the course of laughing, he might find out exactly what she had done with Fats; how far she had let him go. He was prepared to forgive her. She had been pissed too. But she had not turned up. He went to fetch a napkin for Lexie and almost collided with his boss’s wife, who was standing behind the counter, holding his EpiPen. ‘Howard wanted me to check something,’ Shirley told him. ‘And this needle shouldn’t be kept in here. I’ll put it in the back.’ How to cite Part Five Chapter XI, Essay examples

After the Ratification of the Declaration of Independence free essay sample

After the ratification of the Declaration of Independence, establishing the united colonies as Free and Independent States, the Continental Congress set to work on the task of drawing up a document that would provide a legal framework for that Union, and which would be enforceable as the law of the new land. The Articles were written during the early part of the American Revolution by a committee of the Second Continental Congress of the now independent thirteen sovereign states. The head of the committee, John Dickinson, who had refused to sign he Declaration of Independence, nevertheless adhering to the will of the majority of the members of the Continental Congress, presented a report on the proposed articles to the Congress on July 12, 1776, eight days after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Dickinson initially proposed a strong central government, with control over the western lands, equal representation for the states, and the power to levy taxes. We will write a custom essay sample on After the Ratification of the Declaration of Independence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of their experience with Great Britain, the 13 states feared a powerful central government. Consequently, they changed Dickinsons proposed articles rastically before they sent them to all the states for ratification in November 1777. The Continental Congress had been careful to give the states as much independence as possible. The Articles deliberately established a confederation of sovereign states, carefully specifying the limited functions of the federal government. Despite these precautions, several years passed before all the states ratified the articles. The delay resulted from preoccupation with the revolution and from disagreements among the states. These disagreements included quarrels over boundary lines, conflicting ecisions by state courts, differing tariff laws, and trade restrictions between states. The small states wanted equal representation with the large states in Congress, and the large states were afraid they would have to pay an excessive amount of money to support the federal government. In addition, the states disagreed over control of the western territories. The states with no frontier borders wanted the government to control the sale of these territories so that all the states profited. On the other hand, the states bordering the frontier wanted to control as much land as they could. Eventually the states agreed to give control of all western lands to the federal government, paving the way for final ratification of the articles on March 1, 1781, Just seven and a half months before the surrender of Lord Cornwallis and his British Army at Yorktown, October 19, 1781, the victory ended fighting in the War of Independence and virtually assured success to the American cause. Almost the entire war for five long years had been prosecuted by the members of the Second Continental Congress as representatives of a loose federation of states with no resources and reputations. Under the Articles, on paper, the Congress had power to regulate foreign affairs, war, and the postal service and to appoint military officers, control Indian affairs, borrow money, determine the value of coin, and issue bills of credit. In reality, however, the Articles gave the Congress no power to enforce its requests to the states for money or troops, and by the end of 1786 governmental effectiveness had broken down. Nevertheless, some solid accomplishments had been achieved: certain state claims to western lands were settled, and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established the undamental pattern of evolving government in the territories north of the Ohio River. Equally important, the Confederation provided the new nation with instructive experience in self-government under a written document. In revealing their own weaknesses, the Articles paved the way for the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and the present form of U. S. government. The Articles were in force from March 1, 1781, to March 4, 1789, when the present Constitution of the United States went into effect. During those years the 13 states were struggling to achieve their independent status, and the Articles of Confederation stood them in good stead in the process and exercise of learning self- government. The articles created a loose confederation of independent states that gave limited powers to a central government. The national government would consist of a single house of Congress, where each state would have one vote. Congress had the power to set up a postal department, to estimate the costs of the government and request donations from the states, to raise armed forces, and to control the development of the western territories. With the consent of nine of the thirteen states, Congress ould also coin, borrow, or appropriate money as well as declare war and enter into treaties and alliances with foreign nations. There was no independent executive and no veto of legislation. Judicial proceedings in each state were to be honored by all other states. The federal government had no judicial branch, and the only Judicial authority Congress had was the power to arbitrate disputes between states. Congress was denied the power to levy taxes; the new federal government was financed by donations from the states based on the value of each states lands. Any amendment to the articles required the unanimous approval of all 13 states. In attempting to limit the power of the central government, the Second Continental Congress created one without sufficient power to govern effectively, which led to serious national and international problems. The greatest weakness of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation was its inability to regulate trade and levy taxes. Sometimes the states refused to give the government the money it interstate commerce. The government could not pay off the debts it had incurred uring the revolution, including paying soldiers who had fought in the war and citizens who had provided supplies to the cause. Congress could not pass needed measures because they lacked the nine-state majority required to become laws. The states largely ignored Congress, which was powerless to enforce cooperation, and it was therefore unable to carry out its duties. After the Colonial victory in the Revolutionary War, it became obvious to the Founding Fathers that the original attempt would not be equal to the task of providing the equitable law which they sought. Congress could not force the states to adhere to the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 ending the American Revolution, which was humiliating to the new government, especially when some states started their own negotiations with foreign countries. In addition, the new nation was unable to defend its borders from British and Spanish encroachment because it could not pay for an army when the states would not contribute the necessary funds. Leaders like Alexander Hamilton of New York and James Madison of Virginia criticized the limits placed on the central government, and General George Washington is said o have complained that the federation was little more than a shadow without substance. On February 21, 1787, Congress called for a Constitutional Convention to be held in May to revise the articles. Between May and September, the convention wrote the present Constitution for the United States, which retained some of the features of the Articles of Confederation but gave considerably more power to the federal government. The new Constitution provided for executive and Judicial branches of government, lacking in the Articles, and allowed the government to tax its citizens.

Different attitudes to women in Of Mice and Men Essay Example For Students

Different attitudes to women in Of Mice and Men Essay In this essay I will analyse how Steinbeck explores different attitudes to women in the novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men†. I will start by looking at the historical and social context, then I will show how the writer presents women in his work, and finally, I will present and analyse the male characters who have a defined opinion about women and explore their attitude. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is set in the 1930s during the Great Depression, a period of economic recession that resulted in a huge separation between social classes. Because of mass unemployment, many workers had to become ranch hands moving from place to place in search for work. Steinbeck sets his novel on a ranch near Salinas, California. He was personally familiar with ranch life as he was born in the Salinas Valley and worked on a farm himself. It is possible that some characters within the novel to be inspired from his experience. Steinbeck has made the ranch a micro representation of the society of that time. This contains all the elements of the 1930s society: a male environment with a well established hierarchy on the farm, a single female character and a few other women about who we learned through the men. There were three stereotypes of women in the 1930s: the obedient wife and mother, the actress and the prostitute. The writer reveals all these stereotypes of women through his female characters in his novel. The 1930s’ wife and mother stereotype is personified through four different characters: Curley’s wife the promiscuous wife, George’s girl the perfect wife, Aunt Clara the good mother and Curley’s wife’s mother the controlling mother. Curley’s wife, the only female character that plays a real role in the novel, is the perfect example of the early 20th century wife. Steinbeck shows her as having limited roles on the ranch and being Curley’s possession. She has not given a name. She is known as â€Å"Curley’s wife† being presented as belonging to her husband without having an identity on her own. During the Great Depression, husbands treated their wives with little respect and women’s main role was to cook, clean the house and raise the children. Curley’s wife wears a â€Å"cotton house dress† and her hair is lung in â€Å"little rolled clusters, like sausages† (page 34). This suggests that her place is in the kitchen, not in the bunkhouse where she bursts frequently. Anyway, she is never seen outdoor only in the bunkhouse and in the barn.